Ciclo mestruale, Concepimento, Neonato

Perdite marroni: cosa sono, quali sono le cause e cosa fare

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perdite-marroniPerdite marroni

A tutte le donne capita almeno una volta nella vita di avere perdite marroni, il cui termine medico è spotting. Si tratta di perdite di sangue scuro che si verificano al di fuori delle mestruazioni, di solito tra un ciclo e l’altro, spesso durante l’ovulazione. Si possono avere anche perdite marroni prima del ciclo, che anticipano di qualche giorno le mestruazioni. A volte si hanno perdite marroni dopo il ciclo, in questo caso si tratta di residui di sangue vecchio che devono essere espulsi. Le perdite marroni in gravidanza, infine, possono essere perdite da impianto, dovute all’impianto dell’embrione nell’utero. Le cause dello spotting, insomma, possono essere varie e non sempre preoccupanti. Approfondiamo.

sintomi-premestrualiPerdite marroni: cause disfunzionali

Nella maggior parte dei casi, le perdite marroni hanno origini disfunzionali, non dovute quindi a patologie ginecologiche, ma a:

  • stress: in situazioni stressanti aumentano i livelli degli ormoni cortisolo e adrenalina, che spingono l’organismo in una sorta di “stato di allarme“. Ciò provoca un malfunzionamento dell’ipotalamo, la parte del cervello che regola a sua volta il funzionamento delle ovaie, provocando ciclo irregolare e spotting;
  • disturbi alimentari: un eccessivo dimagrimento, anoressia, bulimia o, al contrario, obesità, possono provocare disturbi del ciclo mestruale, quali ciclo anovulatoro, ritardo e perdite scure da spotting;
  • assunzione di contraccettivi ormonali: la pillola anticoncezionale, ma anche l’anello vaginale, il cerotto e la spirale in rame (IUD), possono causare perdite scure tra un ciclo e l’altro. Se le perdite persistono, è bene parlarne con il ginecologo;
  • perdite da impianto: durante l’impianto dell’embrione nell’utero quando avviene il concepimento, si possono avere piccole perdite di sangue rosa o marrone.

Perdite marroni: cause organiche

In altri casi, le perdite scure possono essere dovute a cause organiche, ovvero:

  • cisti ovariche: la presenza di cisti alle ovaie e la sindrome dell’ovaio policistico possono causare episodi di spotting, soprattutto tra un ciclo e l’altro;
  • piaghetta al collo dell’utero (ectopion): si tratta di una condizione di origine perlopiù congenita e non preoccupante, che non necessita di cure particolari, ma che può causare piccole perdite di sangue, soprattutto dopo i rapporti;
  • fibromi e polipi: tumori benigni che si sviluppano nell’utero, causando perdite ematiche di colore scuro. Sono innocui, ma vanno rimossi chirurgicamente;
  • cancro: senza creare allarmismi, bisogna sapere che a volte lo spotting può essere causato da un tumore maligno all’utero.

Per individuare la causa di un sanguinamento al di fuori delle mestruazioni, è bene rivolgersi al proprio ginecologo, che saprà quali esami fare (di solito esami ormonali, ecografia pelvica e pap-test).

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