Concepimento, Maternità

Concepimento: come avviene

concepimento-1Concepimento

Il concepimento, ovvero la fecondazione della cellula uovo da parte dello spermatozoo, non avviene in qualsiasi momento del ciclo, ma solo durante i giorni fertili. Essi corrispondono al giorno dell’ovulazione e ai circa 4/5 giorni precedenti. Avendo rapporti durante questi giorni, si ottimizzano le possibilità di concepimento. Per chi vuole pianificare una gravidanza, è quindi fondamentale conoscere il proprio ciclo e in particolare l’ovulazione. Vediamo, ora, come avviene il concepimento nei dettagli.

Come avviene il concepimento

Durante il rapporto, l’uomo con il suo liquido seminale rilascia negli organi genitali femminili circa 400 milioni di spermatozoi, che dovranno raggiungere l’ovulo per fecondarlo. Lo spermatozoo è formato da una testa che contiene il dna, di cui 22 cromosomi autosomici e 1 cromosama sessuale (X o Y); un collo, dove si trovano i mitocondri, organelli cellulari che producono energia; una coda, che gli permette il movimento. Lo spermatozoo deve risalire dal collo dell’utero fino all’ovulo, che dopo l’ovulazione si trova nelle tube. La velocità dello spermatozoo è di circa 2/3 mm al minuto, ma varia anche in base al liquido in cui nuota. A facilitare la risalita, oltre il liquido seminale stesso, è il muco cervicale, che durante l’ovulazione diventa elastico e filante. Inoltre, il liquido seminale contiene prostaglandine, che provocano la contrazione dell’utero, aiutando il liquido seminale a risalire. Ovviamente, non tutti gli spermatozoi arrivano all’ovulo, ma circa solo 200.

concepimento-e-ovulazioneConcepimento e impianto

L’incontro tra spermatozoo e ovulo avviene nelle tube, per l’esattezza nell’ampolla tubarica, vicino alle ovaie. La punta della testa dello spermatozoo contiene l’acrosoma, che a sua volta contiene una serie di enzimi, che permettono alla membrana cellulare dello spermatozoo di fondersi con quella dell’ovulo. Tale fusione prende il nome di reazione acrosomiale e si verifica solo in presenza della zona pellucida, ovvero uno strato protettivo dell’ovulo ricco di proteine, tra cui la glicoproteina ZP3, che innesca la reazione di fusione facendo da ancora. Quando lo spermatozoo si lega alla glicoproteina ZP3, avviene la fusione tra le membrane cellulari e l’ovulo si attiva. Le proteine ZP3 vengono poi inattivate, evitando che anche altri spermatozoi entrino dentro l’ovulo. L’ovulo completa la sua maturazione e infine fonde il suo DNA con quello maschile. In questo modo si forma lo zigote, la prima cellula del futuro bambino. Dopo 30 ore dalla fecondazione, lo zigote dà origine ad un embrione composto da due cellule. Esso dopo 40 ore diventa di 4 cellule, raddoppiando via via sempre di più in maniera progressiva, fino a diventare la cosiddetta morula, composta da 12-16 cellule (simile ad una mora, appunto). Dopo sei giorni l’embrione, composto ormai da circa cento cellule, raggiunge l’utero dove avviene l’impianto. In totale l’impianto dura sette giorni e si conclude dopo circa 14 giorni dal concepimento.

Concepimento sintomi

Non tutte le donne presentano sintomi del concepimento. Tuttavia, alcune fin dai primi giorni di gravidanza possono percepirne alcuni, quali:

  • perdite da impianto: piccole perdite di sangue che possono comparire nei primi 7/15 giorni della gravidanza, al momento dell’impianto dell’embrione nell’utero;
  • stanchezza e spossatezza;
  • maggiore sensibilità agli odori;
  • cambiamenti del seno, che può gonfiarsi, presentare un’areola più scura e capezzoli sensibili;
  • nausea e malessere.
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