Gravidanza, Malattie

Eclampsia: cos’è, sintomi, cause e rimedi

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eclampsia

Eclampsia: di cosa si tratta

L’Eclampsia è una grave patologia della gravidanza dalle conseguenze potenzialmente letali. Rappresenta una complicanza più complessa della Preeclampsia, nota anche come gestosi, ovvero una sindrome caratterizzata dalla presenza di ipertensione, edema o proteinuria (proteine nell’urina). Questa sindrome può manifestarsi prima, durante ma anche dopo il parto. Secondo un recente studio inglese, quando si manifesta durante la gravidanza sono le prime 37 settimane quelle più rischiose. Ovviamente non esistono dati certi pertanto qualsiasi settimana della gestazione potrebbe essere a rischio.

Sintomi

I  sintomi della Eclampsia sono convulsioni, confusione mentale, alterazioni visive ma anche nausea, mal di testa, dolore epigastrico e vomito. Sono le convulsione a preoccupare molto: spesso la crisi convulsiva non viene inquadrata subito pertanto è frequente che la donna venga trovata in uno stato di incoscienza detto stato post-critico. Di solito l’attacco di eclampsia non compare mai all’improvviso in una donna sana. Quasi sempre è preceduto dai sintomi della gestosi.

Le cause dell’Eclampsia

La causa scatenante di questa sindrome non è al momento conosciuta: è più corretto, infatti, parlare di fattori di rischio.Tra quest’ultimi vanno annoverati l’aumento degli acidi grassi liberi, danno endoteliale (l’endotelio è il tessuto che riveste la superficie interna dei vasi sanguigni, dei vasi linfatici e del cuore), deficit della capacità coagulativa, alterazioni assetto endocrino. Anche una dieta scorretta è tra i principali fattori di rischio dell’Eclampsia.

Come prevenirla

Visto la gravità della sindrome è fondamentale prevenirla. Ma come? Scopriamo insieme cos’è opportuno fare:

  • Dieta adeguata, contenente la quantità necessaria di proteine, ed evitare l’obesità
  • Controlli prenatali al fine di individuare tempestivamente e precocemente le forme di ipertensione
  • Ospedalizzazione per la cura dell’ ipertensione

Nel corso della gravidanza è importante monitorare il peso che va tenuto sotto controllo. Anche la pressione e la presenza di proteine nelle urine vanno monitorate.

Terapia per l’Eclampsia

I farmaci utilizzati per prevenire l’Eclampsia sono generalmente gli anticonvulsivanti, antipertensivi, antiaggreganti piastrinici, steroidi. Nei casi meno gravi, non è prevista l’ospedalizzazione, sempre che il paziente sia sotto lo stretto controllo del medico. E’ importante riposare e stare a letto ed evitare di subire forti stress. Anche la dieta è importantissima: sarà sicuramente leggera e ricca di antiossidanti. Se la malattia, invece, si presenta in forma più grave, sarà necessaria l’ospedalizzazione.

Cosa fare in caso di crisi convulsiva: primo soccorso

Andiamo, infine, ad esaminare cos’è opportuno fare in caso di crisi convulsiva. Come prima cosa cercare di contenere la persona in preda ad una crisi: in questo modo si eviterà che possa farsi male da sola. La seconda indicazione utile è cercare l’aiuto di personale esperto che conosca i protocolli da mettere in atto e che sia fornito del materiale necessario per l’assistenza. Le crisi generalmente hanno una durata breve di circa 60-75 secondi, in questo frangente cercate di mantenere la calma.

L’aiuto del medico

Come sempre vi ricordiamo che la ricerca di informazioni sul web non deve mai sostituire il confronto con il medico. Non esitate a contattare gli “addetti ai lavori” per porre qualsiasi tipo di domanda e richiedere consigli!

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