Gravidanza, Malattie

Preeclampsia: che cos’è, quali sono i sintomi e cosa fare

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preeclampsia

Preeclampsia

Meglio conosciuta come gestosi, la preeclampsia è una malattia che colpisce le donne incinte, molto pericolosa sia per la mamma sia per il bambino, se non diagnosticata per tempo. In particolare, la gestante può presentare disturbi alla coagulazione del sangue e danni agli organi, mentre il bambino rischia nascita prematura, ritardo o arresto della crescita. La preeclampsia può poi evolvere in eclampsia, che provoca alla futura mamma convulsioni, gravi emorragie celebrali e addirittura morte. La gestosi si presenta all’improvviso, di solito dopo la 20esima settimana, per questo tutte le donne in gravidanza devono tenere costantemente sotto controllo i livelli di proteine nelle urine e la pressione arteriosa.

Preeclampsia sintomi

I principali sintomi della preeclampsia sono sono livelli elevati di proteine nelle urine (oltre i 290 mg/l) e pressione arteriosa alta (oltre 140 massima e 90 minima). Bisogna tenere conto, però, che spesso in gravidanza si ha un leggero aumento delle proteine e che questo non sempre è sintomo di gestosi, ma anche di altre malattie, come quelle delle vie urinarie, ad esempio la cistite. Altri sintomi della preeclampsia sono:

  • forte dolore alla testa,
  • vista annebbiata e visione di macchie scure o luminose,
  • forte mal stomaco,
  • convulsioni,
  • edema (gonfiore, soprattutto agli arti)
  • urine scarse.

preeclampsia

Preeclampsia cause

Le cause della preeclampsia non sono state ancora identificate con certezza, anche se si sa che essa dipende da un malfunzionamento della placenta, dovuto ad un danno alle pareti dei vasi sanguigni. Sono stati individuati, però, alcuni fattori di rischio che sembrano rendere una donna particolarmente predisposta alla gestosi. Essi sono:

  • pressione alta anche prima della gravidanza,
  • obesità,
  • diabete,
  • età avanzata (oltre i 40 anni),
  • gravidanza gemellare,
  • malattie ai reni,
  • malattie autoimmuni come la sindrome da anticorpi antifosfolipidi e il lupus eritematoso sistemico,
  • ricorso alla procreazione assistita.

Preeclampsia cura e prevenzione

Sfortunatamente, nonostante i progressi della scienza, una cura per la preeclampsia non è stata ancora trovata e il parto cesareo d’urgenza resta l’unica soluzione per salvare mamma e bambino. Se il parto avviene quando il bambino ha completato il suo sviluppo, il rischio di mortalità neonatale è molto elevato, ma se il piccolo non riceve più ossigeno e nutrienti dalla placenta, è purtroppo necessario tentare di farlo nascere. Se la gestosi non è curabile, è però possibile prevenirla, con regolari controlli durante la gravidanza, come la flussimetria doppler delle arterie uterine, ecografia ed esami delle urine. In alcuni casi, è possibile prescrivere l’aspirinetta nelle prime 12-14 settimane di gestazione.

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