Gravidanza, Malattie

Toxoplasmosi in gravidanza: pericoli e prevenzione

Toxoplasmosi in gravidanza

Toxoplasmosi in gravidanza un binomio che può essere davvero pericoloso!
La toxoplasmosi è un’infezione non particolarmente preoccupante e spesso asintomatica. Ma se il contagio avviene in gravidanza, può essere molto rischiosa per il bambino. L’infezione, infatti, può essere trasmessa al feto attraverso la placenta.
Se la mamma entra in contatto con il toxoplasma durante la gestazione, non vi è certezza che il feto si infetti. Se però, invece, il contagio si trasmette, i danni per il piccolo possono essere gravi. L’importanza del rischio dipende anche dal momento del contagio, quanto più precocemente avviene, tanto maggiori possono essere i pericoli.

Se la toxoplasmosi in gravidanza è contratta durante le prime settimane, le possibilità che il toxoplasma arrivi al feto sono minori. Tuttavia, se questo succede, i rischi possono essere: aborto spontaneo, malformazioni, danni al sistema nervoso. I danni cerebrali possono portare a ritardo mentale o a epilessia oppure lesioni agli occhi.
Durante le ultime settimane di gravidanza il passaggio attraverso la placenta è, invece, più facile. Il contagio in una fase più avanzata della gestazione può però causare rischi minori.
Per sapere se si è immuni oppure sensibili al toxoplasma ci si può sottoporre ad un prelievo di sangue. Il toxo-test, questo è il nome dell’esame specifico, rivela la presenza di anticorpi contro il toxoplasma.

Toxoplasmosi

La toxoplasmosi è un’infezione causata dal microrganismo toxoplasma gondii.
Questo parassita monocellulare compie il suo ciclo vitale, a seconda dell’ospite, ma all’interno delle cellule. Il toxoplasma può infettare moltissimi animali e può trasmettersi da uno all’altro attraverso l’alimentazione.
Il toxoplasma non si trova solo nella carne, ma anche nelle feci di gatto e nel terreno in cui abbia defecato un animale infetto.
Nella maggioranza dei casi la toxoplasmosi è asintomatica, o si manifesta in modo lieve.
Le principali manifestazioni sono: stanchezza, spossatezza, mal di testa o di gola e fastidio alle ossa, ingrossamento delle linfoghiandole, a volte febbre e ingrossamento di fegato e milza. Tutti sintomi generici che possono essere confusi con le avvisaglie di una forma influenzale.
Il vantaggio di contrarre la toxoplasmosi è l’immunità permanente che se ne ricava. Alcune donne in gravidanza scoprono di averla precedentemente contratta senza accorgersene. Tali gestanti non rischiano più di ammalarsi.

toxoplasmosi in gravidanza

Alimentazione in gravidanza

Non esiste un vaccino contro la toxoplasmosi. La maggiore prevenzione contro la toxoplasmosi in gravidanza è quindi l’alimentazione. Il rischio maggiore è rappresentato dalla carne e dalle verdure crude.

Ma, oltre al consumo di questi cibi, ci sono una serie di comportamenti che possono ridurre il rischio di contrarre questa malattia.

  • evitare di assaggiare la carne mentre la si prepara;
  • lavarsi molto bene le mani dopo aver toccato carne o verdura crude;
  • lavare accuratamente, possibilmente con un antibatterico, ortaggi e frutta fresca;
  • evitare di manipolare la terra degli orti e dei giardini, dove animali infetti possono aver defecato;
  • evitare di pulire la lettiera del gatto.

Studi recenti dimostrano che i casi di gatti domestici come portatori di toxoplasmosi in gravidanza sono piuttosto rari. Questi animali di casa sono alimentati con prodotti in scatola, tuttavia il contatto con i loro escrementi andrebbe comunque evitato durante la gestazione. I gatti randagi, rappresentano invece un pericolo maggiore perché possono essersi contaminati cacciando uccelli e topi infetti.

Nel caso in cui il contagio avvenga comunque, è possibile bloccare la trasmissione dell’infezione al feto attraverso un trattamento antibiotico mirato. In caso di dubbi è comunque raccomandabile consultare un medico.

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