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Gemelli eterozigoti: chi sono e differenze con omozigoti

gemelli eterozigoti

Gemelli eterozigoti

Quando da una stessa gravidanza nascono due o più fratelli, si parla di gemelli. Le gravidanze gemellari non sono molto comuni, considerando che costituiscono solo circa l’1,5% di tutte gravidanze. La predisposizione ad avere gemelli sembra essere dovuta soprattutto a fattori ereditari (da parte materna), in quando la loro nascita è più frequente nelle famiglie in cui ci sono stati già altri parti gemellari. Altri fattori che sembrano incidere sono la razza (le gravidanze gemellari sono più numerose tra le persone di colore, minime in quelle orientali) e l’età della madre (più l’età è avanzata, più è alto il livello di ormone FSH e maggiore è la disponibilità di ovuli da fecondare). Negli ultimi anni le nascite di gemelli sono aumentate, sia proprio a causa dell’innalzamento dell’età media delle mamme, sia in seguito al sempre più diffuso ricorso a cure per la fertilità e alla fecondazione assistita. I gemelli, comunque, non sono tutti uguali, ma si distinguono in:

  • gemelli eterozigoti (chiamati anche bizigoti, bicoriali o biovoulari),
  • gemelli omozigoti (chiamati anche gemelli monozigoti, monocoriali o monoovulari).

Vediamo nei dettagli quali sono le differenze tra gemelli omozigoti ed eterozigoti.

Gemelli eterozigoti: chi sono

I gemelli eterozigoti sono, per dirla in parole semplici, i gemelli diversi. I gemelli eterozigoti, pur essendo nati dalla stessa gravidanza, non condividono lo stesso DNA, quindi non hanno lo stesso gruppo sanguigno, non sono identici ed è possibile avere gemelli eterozigoti maschio e femmina. Ciò avviene perché i gemelli bizigoti, come dice il loro stesso nome, non si formano a partire dallo stesso zigote (la cellula che deriva dall’unione di spermatozoo e cellula uovo), ma da due o più cellule uovo diverse, che vengono fecondate quasi in contemporanea da due o più spermatozoi. In rarissimi casi, è possibile anche la nascita di due gemelli eterozigoti con padri diversi, a seguito della fecondazione di due diversi ovociti a breve distanza di tempo, ma in due rapporti distinti.

gemelli eterozigoti maschio femmina

Gemelli omozigoti ed eterozigoti: differenze

I gemelli eterozigoti, come abbiamo visto, derivano da due diversi zigoti e questa è la prima differenza con i gemelli omozigoti, che invece si formano a partire dallo stesso zigote. I gemelli eterozigoti non condividono placenta e cavità amniotica, cosa che può invece succedere in caso di gemelli omozigoti. La differenza sostanziale tra gemelli omozigoti ed eterozigoti sta quindi nel DNA: i primi hanno lo stesso DNA e per questo sono identici tra loro e sono sempre dello stesso sesso; gli eterozigoti, invece, non hanno lo stesso patrimonio genetico e quindi avere gemelli eterozigoti maschio e femmina è possibile.

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