Allattamento, Neonato

Latte materno: perché è importante per il bambino

latte-maternoLatte materno

Il latte materno è fondamentale per il neonato, perché è un alimento completo, ricco di elementi nutritivi e anticorpi. Il latte materno è perfettamente bilanciato, contiene proteine, lipidi, sali minerali e zuccheri nelle perfette proporzioni necessarie al lattante. Ha inoltre proprietà anti-infettive, grazie alla presenza di globuli bianchi, anticorpi antivirali ed anticorpi specifici, che proteggono il bambino dalle infezioni. Il latte materno contiene anche lattoferrina, lisozima e cellule immunocompetenti, che favoriscono lo sviluppo della flora batterica, indispensabile per debellare i patogeni responsabili di disturbi intestinali, come le coliche. Infine, ha un importante ruolo nella prevenzione delle allergie alimentari, perché, ritardando i primi contatti con gli alimenti, dà al sistema immunitario il tempo necessario per svilupparsi. Anche la mamma trae notevoli vantaggi dall’allattamento al seno, in quanto la suzione stimola la produzione di ossitocina, un ormone responsabile delle contrazioni dell’utero, che lo aiutano a ritornare in condizioni fisiologiche. L’allattamento, con il suo aumento del dispendio energetico, aiuta poi a perdere i chili accumulati durante la gravidanza.

Produzione latte materno

La produzione del latte materno comincia già in gravidanza, intorno intorno alla sedicesima settimana, seppur in quantità molto limitata fino alla nascita del bimbo. Solo dopo il parto avviene si ha la vera e propria produzione di latte, che attraversa diverse fasi: colostro, latte di transizione e latte maturo. Vediamo i dettagli:

  • colostro: viene prodotto a partire dal parto per circa tre-sei giorni. Si tratta di una sostanza collosa, densa e di di colore variabile. È un latte molto concentrato, facile da digerire ed è una vero “cocktail” di anticorpi, indispensabili per il sistema immunitario del bambino. Inoltre, ha effetto lassativo, che aiuta il neonato ad espellere il meconio (le prime feci) ed la bilirubina;
  • latte di transizione: nella prima settimana dopo il parto avviene la cosiddetta “montata lattea“. Il seno si presenta gonfio e duro, a volte anche arrossato. L’unico modo per alleviare il fastidio è allattare frequentemente. In questa fase aumenta la quantità del latte e cambiano aspetto e composizione (diminuiscono immunoglobuline e proteine, aumentano grassi e zuccheri);
  • latte maturo: dopo la fase di transizione, il latte materno appare meno viscoso e più liquido del latte di mucca, leggero e acquoso. Ciò nonostante, contiene tutti i nutrienti necessari per lo sviluppo del bambino.

allattamento-al-seno-quantitaComposizione latte materno

Il latte materno cambia più volte aspetto, consistenza e composizione, sia nel corso di una singola poppata, che nel corso dei mesi. Questo perché deve adattarsi perfettamente alle necessità del bambino che cresce. All’inizio della poppata, il latte contiene molti grassi, mentre elevato è il contenuto di lattosio, zucchero, proteine, vitamine, minerali e acqua. Durante la poppata, diminuiscono gli zuccheri e aumentano i grassi, in modo da dare al bambino lo stimolo di sazietà. Non solo il colostro è ricco di anticorpi: il latte materno continua ad essere fondamentale per il sistema immunitario anche fino i sei mesi ed oltre. Per questo, quando possibile, è meglio preferire il latte materno al latte artificiale.

Conservazione latte materno

Può capitare, soprattutto durante la montata lattea, che il corpo produca più latte di quanto necessario al bambino. Per ovviare a questo inconveniente, è possibile prelevare il latte materno con un tiralatte e conservarlo, seguendo alcune regole:

  • versate il latte in un contenitore o un biberon, di plastica dura o di vetro, sterilizzato. Riempitelo fino a tre quarti al massimo e utilizzate un diverso contenitore per ogni raccolta;
  • conservare il latte materno a temperatura ambiente per massimo 8 ore in inverno, 4 ore in estate;
  • potete conservarlo anche in frigorifero per massimo 72 ore oppure congelarlo entro 24 ore dalla raccolta;
  • scongelate il latte mettendolo in frigorifero, oppure lasciandolo a temperatura ambiente;
  • potete riscaldarlo a bagnomaria, ma evitate il forno a microonde, che potrebbe ridurre alcuni componenti essenziali del latte.
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